KEY WORDS: Mongolian Higher Education, University Governance, Board of Trustees
Abstract: This paper tried to clarify how the independence of national universities is considered in Mongolia, with the main subject of analysis being the board of trustees of national universities in Mongolia. The Education Law of 1995 aimed to promote the autonomy and independence of universities by introducing a board of trustees to universities as self-management institutions. The board of trustees has the authority to set rules, budgets, long-term plans, etc. it was positioned as the highest decision-making body in terms of management and operation. However, from the beginning, 51-60% of the board is representative of the founder, the rest are representatives of students, faculty and graduates, and the government has appointed representatives of the founder, including the president. The harmful effects of this method were pointed out due to problems with reliability and the term of office of directors. A revision of the law was made to make the representatives of the public society the centre of the actors for the members of the board. Still, it ended in a short period of time. It can be seen that the concept of independence of national universities in Mongolia does not focus on faculty members and students who are members of the university.
モンゴルにおける国立大学の独立性概念に関する検討
―理事会の構成と権限の変遷を手がかりとして―
KEY WORDS: モンゴル、高等教育、大学管理運営、理事会
Abstract: This paper tried to clarify how the independence of national universities is considered in Mongolia, with the main subject of analysis being the board of trustees of national universities in Mongolia. The Education Law of 1995 aimed to promote the autonomy and independence of universities by introducing a board of trustees to universities as self-management institutions. The board of trustees has the authority to set rules, budgets, long-term plans, etc. it was positioned as the highest decision-making body in terms of management and operation. However, from the beginning, 51-60% of the board is representative of the founder, the rest are representatives of students, faculty and graduates, and the government has appointed representatives of the founder, including the president. The harmful effects of this method were pointed out due to problems with reliability and the term of office of directors. A revision of the law was made to make the representatives of the public society the centre of the actors for the members of the board. Still, it ended in a short period of time. It can be seen that the concept of independence of national universities in Mongolia does not focus on faculty members and students who are members of the university.
KEY WORDS: dzud Disaster prevention Local action Humanitarian assistance
Abstract: The frequency of climate-driven disasters in Mongolia has increased over the last two decades. Specifically, a series of devastating dzuds occurred in 1999–2000, 2000–2001, 2001–2002, and 2009–2010, leading to total losses of about 18 million livestock. Although dzuds are primarily caused by extreme climatic conditions, socioeconomic factors, notably a lack of early preparations and mitigative actions against climate-related hazards may partially account for their occurrence. Our aim was to identify dzud-inducing climatic and socioeconomic factors and to evaluate the effectiveness of early actions implemented by national and local governments and by herders. Accordingly, we conducted interview-based surveys in two neighboring soums with similar environments in Khuvsgul aimag, in northern Mongolia, to examine factors influencing their markedly different livestock mortality rates (11.7% in Tsetserleg versus 0.6% in Tsagaan-Uul) during the winter of 2016–2017. We further analyzed the timeline of all actions taken against dzuds and their effects. An analysis of climatic conditions revealed a slightly higher normalized anomaly value for snow depth in Tsetserleg than that in Tsagaan-Uul, which not only prevented grazing but also limited access of vulnerable herding households to assistance. At the local governmental level, inadequate hay and fodder, poor organization and management of emergency actions in Tsetserleg soum were primary causes of the high livestock mortality rate while at the herders’ level, the mortalities were possibly exacerbated by shorter-distance seasonal movements and the absence of otor. The findings of the study suggest that early actions are critical factors in reducing dzud-induced damage.
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KEY WORDS: nuclear garbage disposal
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